Yellowhammer

Emberiza citrinella

Genus · Old World Buntings Family · Old World Buntings
Observation tips Difficulty: EASY
Best time
🕒 Any
Activity
☀️ Diurnal
Best months
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Observation habitat
FarmlandForest deciduous

Look for a bright yellow head and underparts in males, with a contrasting chestnut lower back visible in flight. Listen for a persistent, rhythmic song delivered from exposed perches, especially on warm, sunny days.

Yellowhammer

♂ Male · ♀ Female

Stats
Wingspan23–29 cm
Weight24–36 g
Length15–17 cm
Lifespan wild2–12 yrs
Size
XS
S
M
L
XL
Nesting
Nest typeScrape
Clutch size3–5 eggs
Incubation12–14 days
Breeding months
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Regional Status (Europe)
LC
Least Concern (Europe)
IUCN Red List
MigrationResident
Social BehaviourFlocking

Diet: Omnivore

🌾Grain
🦗Insects
🐛Larvae
🌻Seeds

Habitat

🚜 Farmland🌳 Forest deciduous🌿 Grassland🏜️ Scrub wasteland
✦ Fun Fact

The Yellowhammer's song is often said to have inspired the famous opening motif of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.

About

A bright-headed bird of hedgerows, heaths, and forest edges. The male is easily identified by his brilliant yellow head and underparts. Both sexes have a streaky brown back and a reddish-brown rump. It is a resident species across much of Europe. In winter, they move into larger flocks to search for seeds in farmyards.

Behaviour

The Yellowhammer is a persistent summer singer, often perched at the top of hedges or small trees. Its rhythmic song of short notes typically ends in a distinctive drawn-out final note. While they feed on seeds on the ground, they switch to insects when raising chicks.

Sexual Dimorphism

♂ Male

Features a bright yellow head and breast with very few brown streaks. The rump is a clear cinnamon-red.

♀ Female

Much more camouflaged and heavily streaked with brown. She has only a wash of yellow on the head. The cinnamon-red rump is a key identifier.

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